AWS EC2 — Complete Beginner Guide (Instances, Pricing, Use Cases)

AWS EC2 — Complete Beginner Guide (Instances, Pricing, Use Cases)

What Is EC2?

Amazon EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud) provides virtual servers known as instances. It allows you to run applications without managing physical hardware.

Types of EC2 Instances

• General Purpose: t3, t4g
• Compute Optimized: c6i
• Memory Optimized: r6g
• GPU Instances: p4, g5
• Storage Optimized: i4

EC2 Pricing Models

On-Demand

Pay per second/hour. Most flexible but expensive.

Reserved Instances

Commit 1–3 years. Up to 72% cheaper.

Spot Instances

Use AWS unused capacity. Up to 90% cheaper. Best for batch jobs & ML training.

Key EC2 Features

• Security Groups
• EBS Block Storage
• Elastic Load Balancing
• Auto Scaling

When to Use EC2?

• Web applications
• Backend APIs
• Gaming servers
• Databases
• Machine learning workloads

Conclusion

EC2 is a core AWS service. Knowing its pricing and instance types is essential for cloud beginners.

AWS VPC — Beginner-Friendly Explanation with Real Examples

AWS VPC — Beginner-Friendly Explanation with Real Examples

What Is VPC?

A Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) is your own isolated network inside AWS. You control IP ranges, subnets, routing, and security.

Core Components of VPC

• Subnets: Public & private
• Route Tables
• Internet Gateway
• NAT Gateway
• Security Groups
• Network ACLs

Example VPC Architecture

• Public subnet → EC2 + Load Balancer
• Private subnet → Database
• NAT Gateway → Internet access for private subnet
• Security Groups → Allow specific ports

Why VPC Is Important?

• High security
• Custom network control
• Multi-layer architecture
• Used in enterprise cloud setups

Conclusion

VPC is the backbone of AWS networking. Every cloud learner must understand its structure and components.

AWS Cloud Practitioner — 20 Most Expected Questions (With Answers)

AWS Cloud Practitioner — 20 Most Expected Questions (With Answers)

1. What is Cloud Computing? Internet-based computing.
2. What is EC2? Virtual server.
3. What is S3 durability? 99.999999999%.
4. What is an Availability Zone? Physical data center.
5. What is the root account? Primary admin account.
6. What is IAM? Identity management system.
7. What is VPC? Virtual private network.
8. What is Lambda? Serverless compute.
9. What is RDS? Managed database service.
10. What is CloudFront? Content delivery network.
11. What is Multi-AZ? Failover for RDS.
12. What is Route 53? DNS service.
13. What is Auto Scaling? Adds/removes EC2s automatically.
14. What is ELB? Distributes traffic.
15. What is Elastic Beanstalk? Simple app deployment.
16. What is KMS? Key management service.
17. What is SNS? Notification service.
18. What is SQS? Message queue.
19. What is Glacier? Long-term storage.
20. What is CloudTrail? Audit logs.

These questions help you prepare for AWS Cloud Practitioner exam with confidence.

What Is Cloud Computing? A Simple Guide for Beginners (2025 Update)

Introduction

Cloud computing allows you to access computing services such as servers, storage, databases, and software over the internet. Instead of maintaining physical infrastructure, you use cloud providers like AWS, Azure, and Google Cloud.

Why Cloud Computing Is Popular

• No need to buy expensive servers
• Pay only for what you use
• Faster application development
• High-level security
• Global reach and scalability

Types of Cloud Services

IaaS – Infrastructure as a Service

Provides servers, storage, and networking. Examples: AWS EC2, Azure VM.

PaaS – Platform as a Service

Provides application platforms. Examples: AWS Elastic Beanstalk, Heroku.

SaaS – Software as a Service

Provides ready-made applications. Examples: Gmail, Netflix, Google Docs.

Cloud Deployment Models

• Public Cloud: Used by everyone (AWS, Azure)
• Private Cloud: Used internally by organizations
• Hybrid Cloud: Mix of public + private

Real-Life Examples

• YouTube stores videos in cloud storage
• Instagram photos are stored like S3 objects
• Online banking uses secure cloud networks

Benefits of Cloud Computing

• Cost-efficient
• Highly available
• Automatic scaling
• Strong security
• Reliable backup and recovery

Conclusion

Cloud computing is the backbone of modern technology. Understanding its basics is important for students, developers, and IT professionals.

AWS S3 Explained: Buckets, Storage Classes, Security & Use Cases

AWS S3 Explained — Buckets, Storage Classes, Security & Use Cases

What Is Amazon S3?

Amazon S3 (Simple Storage Service) is an object storage service that provides 11 nines durability (99.999999999%). It stores data as objects inside buckets.

Core S3 Concepts

• Buckets: Top-level container
• Objects: Files stored inside buckets
• Keys: Object names
• Versioning: Tracks old versions of objects
• Encryption: SSE-S3, SSE-KMS

Storage Classes

• S3 Standard
• S3 Infrequent Access (IA)
• S3 One Zone IA
• S3 Glacier
• S3 Glacier Deep Archive

Useful S3 Features

• Bucket policies
• Lifecycle rules
• Cross-Region Replication
• S3 Events (trigger Lambda)
• Access Control Lists

Use Cases

• Static website hosting
• Backups and archives
• Data lakes
• Log storage
• Machine learning datasets

Conclusion

S3 is the most flexible cloud storage solution. It is widely used in multiple industries and AWS exams.

IAM Roles, Policies & Users Explained — With Easy Memory Tricks

AWS IAM — Roles, Users, Groups & Policies Explained

What Is IAM?

AWS Identity & Access Management (IAM) is used to control who can access which AWS resources.

IAM Components

• Users: Individual login accounts
• Groups: Collection of users
• Roles: Temporary permissions for AWS services
• Policies: JSON-based permission documents

Easy Memory Trick

• User = Person
• Group = Team
• Role = Temporary identity
• Policy = Rule book

Security Best Practices

• Enable MFA
• Don’t use root account
• Use least privilege access
• Rotate access keys

Conclusion

IAM ensures secure access to AWS resources and is one of the most important cloud concepts.

AWS Lambda Simplified — What It Is, How It Works & When To Use It

AWS Lambda Simplified — What It Is, How It Works & When To Use It

What Is Serverless?

Serverless computing means you don’t manage servers, capacity, or scaling. The cloud provider (AWS) takes care of all the infrastructure behind the scenes so you can focus only on code.

What Is AWS Lambda?

AWS Lambda is a serverless compute service that lets you run code without provisioning servers. It supports multiple languages such as Python, Node.js, Java, Go, and more.

How AWS Lambda Works

1. Create a Lambda function
2. Add your application code
3. Set a trigger (S3, DynamoDB, API Gateway, EventBridge, CloudWatch, etc.)
4. AWS automatically runs and scales your function

Lambda Pricing

You pay only for:

• Total number of requests
• Execution time (measured in milliseconds)

There are no charges when the function is idle, which makes Lambda extremely cost-effective.

Common Use Cases of AWS Lambda

• Real-time file processing
• API backend (with API Gateway)
• Cron jobs & scheduled tasks
• IoT event processing
• Machine learning lightweight inference

Lambda vs EC2 (Simple Comparison)

Feature	AWS Lambda	Amazon EC2
Server Management	No servers (fully managed)	You manage everything
Scaling	Auto, instant	Manual or auto
Pricing	Pay only per request & execution	Pay per hour/second even if idle
Best For	Event-driven apps, microservices	Long-running apps

Conclusion

AWS Lambda is perfect for automation, microservices, event-driven workloads, and modern cloud-native applications. It is a crucial topic for AWS Cloud Practitioner and Associate-level cloud learners.

AWS Cloud Practitioner — Top 50 Must-Know Points (CLF-C02)

✅ AWS Cloud Practitioner — Top 25 Must-Know Points (CLF-C02)

(Official exam weightage-based topics)

1. IAM (Identity & Access Management) – AWS permissions, users, groups, roles, MFA, least privilege.
2. EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud) – Virtual servers, pricing (On-Demand, Reserved, Spot), security groups.
3. Lambda – Serverless compute, event-driven, pay per request.
4. S3 (Simple Storage Service) – Object storage, 11 9s durability, storage classes, versioning.
5. S3 Glacier – Archival storage, extremely low-cost, slow retrieval.
6. EBS (Elastic Block Store) – Block storage for EC2, snapshots.
7. RDS – Managed SQL databases (MySQL, PostgreSQL, Aurora).
8. DynamoDB – Serverless NoSQL, millisecond latency.
9. VPC – Networking: subnets, route tables, NAT, NACLs.
10. CloudFront – Global CDN, edge caching.
11. Route 53 – DNS, domain registration, routing policies.
12. Load Balancers (ELB) – ALB, NLB, CLB.
13. Auto Scaling – Automatic EC2 scaling.
14. SQS – Message queue, decoupling apps.
15. SNS – Push notifications, pub/sub messaging.
16. EventBridge – Event bus connecting AWS services.
17. API Gateway – Secure APIs for Lambda & services.
18. CloudWatch – Metrics, logs, alarms, dashboards.
19. CloudTrail – API activity logging.
20. AWS Organizations – Multi-account mgmt, SCPs.
21. KMS – Encryption key management.
22. WAF & Shield – Web firewall + DDoS protection.
23. Cost Explorer – Track & forecast AWS spend.
24. Trusted Advisor – Best practice checks.
25. Shared Responsibility Model – AWS vs Customer security roles.

Additional High-Value Exam Topics

26. AWS Global Infrastructure – Regions, AZs, Edge Locations.
27. Well-Architected Framework – 5 pillars.
28. Cloud Adoption Framework (CAF) – Business, People, Governance, Platform, Security, Operations.
29. AWS Budgets – Budget alerts.
30. AWS Billing Dashboard – Billing & usage tracking.
31. Free Tier Types – 12-month, Always free, Trials.
32. Amazon Cognito – User authentication & identity pools.
33. AWS Backup – Centralized backup service.
34. AWS Artifact – Compliance reports.
35. AWS Service Health Dashboard – Public AWS outages status.
36. AWS Personal Health Dashboard – Account-specific alerts.
37. Amazon Lightsail – Simple VPS & hosting.
38. AWS Outposts – On-prem AWS hardware.
39. AWS Snowball / Snowmobile – Offline data migration devices.
40. AWS Storage Gateway – Hybrid storage.
41. EFS – Serverless Linux file system.
42. Amazon FSx – High-performance file systems.
43. AWS Systems Manager – Patch, automation, session mgmt.
44. AWS Trusted Advisor Categories – Cost, Performance, Fault Tolerance, Security, Service Limits.
45. AWS IAM Identity Center (SSO) – Central login for AWS accounts.
46. AWS Marketplace – SaaS, AMIs, software marketplace.
47. AWS SAM – Serverless app framework.
48. CloudFormation – Infrastructure as code.
49. Amazon MQ – Managed message brokers.
50. AWS X-Ray – Distributed tracing.
51. AWS Global Accelerator – Improve latency.
52. Amazon Inspector – Security vulnerability scanning.
53. AWS Shield Advanced – Enterprise-grade DDoS protection.
54. Amazon AppStream 2.0 – Stream desktop apps.
55. Amazon WorkSpaces – Virtual desktops (VDI).

AWS Cloud Practitioner — Top 55 Must-Know Points (CLF-C02)

56 – 135: Core AWS Services, Security, Networking, Cost & AI

56. AWS Control Tower – Multi-account setup with guardrails (best practice governance).
57. AWS Landing Zone – Initial secure enterprise account blueprint (older concept).
58. Multi-AZ vs Multi-Region – Multi-AZ → high availability | Multi-Region → disaster recovery.
59. AWS Backup Vault Lock – Prevents backups from being deleted (ransomware protection).
60. AWS Elastic Disaster Recovery (DRS) – Fast recovery of servers from on-prem/AWS to AWS.
61. AWS Migration Hub – Central place for migration tracking.
62. AWS Application Migration Service (MGN) – Lift-and-shift migration tool.
63. AWS Database Migration Service (DMS) – Move databases between engines (e.g., Oracle → Aurora).
64. Amazon Aurora Serverless v2 – Auto-scales instantly, SQL-compatible.
65. Amazon QLDB – Immutable ledger database (tamper-proof log).
66. Amazon Neptune – Graph database for relationships (social graphs).
67. Amazon OpenSearch Service – Search, logs, analytics (replacement for Elasticsearch).
68. AWS Step Functions – Serverless orchestration of Lambda / SQS / APIs.
69. AWS Batch – Run large batch workloads without managing servers.
70. AWS Glue – Serverless ETL service for data processing (data catalog).
71. Amazon Athena – Query S3 data using SQL — serverless analytics.
72. Amazon QuickSight – Visualization and BI dashboards.
73. Amazon Kinesis – Real-time data streaming analytics.
74. Amazon EMR – Big data processing (Spark, Hadoop, Hive).
75. AWS IQ – Hire certified AWS experts for on-demand work.
76. AWS CodeCommit – Private Git repositories service.
77. AWS CodeBuild – Fully managed CI build service.
78. AWS CodeDeploy – Deploy to EC2, Lambda, on-prem servers.
79. AWS CodePipeline – Orchestrate CI/CD pipelines.
80. AWS AppRunner – Easy way to run containerized apps (fully managed).
81. AWS Elastic Beanstalk – Deploy applications without managing servers (PaaS).
82. AWS Amplify – Frontend/mobile hosting + backend APIs + Auth.
83. AWS GameLift – Deploy and scale multiplayer game servers.
84. AWS IoT Core – Connect and manage IoT devices securely.
85. AWS Greengrass – Run Lambda + ML on edge (IoT gateway).
86. IAM Policies – JSON format, Allow/Deny rules, identity-based + resource-based.
87. IAM Permission Boundaries – Maximum permissions allowed to a user/role.
88. IAM Access Analyzer – Detects public or cross-account access.
89. AWS GuardDuty – Threat detection using machine learning.
90. AWS Macie – Finds & protects sensitive S3 data (PII detection).
91. AWS Detective – Investigates security incidents using AI.
92. Security Groups – Stateful firewall for EC2 instances.
93. NACL (Network ACL) – Stateless VPC security layer.
94. VPC Peering – Connect VPCs privately (one-to-one).
95. AWS Transit Gateway – Central hub connecting thousands of VPCs.
96. VPC Endpoints – Private AWS service connections.
97. Direct Connect – Dedicated fiber link to AWS.
98. AWS Certificate Manager (ACM) – Free SSL/TLS certificates.
99. AWS Secrets Manager – Store & rotate secrets.
100. AWS Parameter Store – Configuration storage (SSM).
101. Public vs Private Subnet – Public → IGW | Private → NAT.
102. Route Tables – Control traffic flow between subnets.
103. NAT Gateway – Secure internet access for private subnets.
104. Internet Gateway – Public internet access.
105. AWS Global Infrastructure Benefits – Fault tolerance, availability, low latency.
106. Availability Zones Failure Independence – One AZ failure won’t affect others.
107. Edge Caching in CloudFront – Improves speed, reduces origin load.
108. S3 Object Lock – Prevents deletion of objects.
109. MFA Delete – Extra layer for S3 delete protection.
110. AWS Resilience Hub – Automatic workload resilience evaluation.
111. AWS Support Plans – Basic, Developer, Business, Enterprise On-Ramp, Enterprise.
112. Business Plan Features – 24/7 support, full Trusted Advisor, fast response.
113. Enterprise Support Features – Architect, TAM, concierge billing.
114. AWS Cost Anomaly Detection – Alerts on unusual usage spikes.
115. AWS Savings Plans – 1 or 3-year compute commitments.
116. Compute Savings Plan – EC2 + Lambda + Fargate.
117. EC2 Instance Savings Plan – EC2 only.
118. Spot Instances Best Use Cases – Batch & flexible workloads.
119. Reserved Instances – Capacity commitment for discounts.
120. AWS TCO Calculator – On-prem vs cloud cost comparison.
121. AWS Pricing Calculator – Estimate AWS architecture cost.
122. AWS Billing Alarms – Cost threshold alerts.
123. AWS Glue Data Catalog – Central metadata store.
124. S3 Replication – Cross-region / same-region replication.
125. S3 Pre-Signed URLs – Temporary secure access URLs.
126. Athena Partitioning – Faster & cheaper queries.
127. Redshift Spectrum – Query S3 data from Redshift.
128. Kinesis Firehose – Streaming ingestion → S3 / Redshift.
129. Kinesis Data Streams – Real-time event pipeline.
130. Amazon Polly – Text-to-speech ML.
131. Amazon Rekognition – Image & video analysis.
132. Amazon Textract – OCR & document text extraction.
133. Amazon SageMaker – End-to-end ML platform.
134. AWS Snowcone – Portable 8TB edge device.
135. AWS Compute Optimizer – Cost & performance recommendations.

AWS Cloud Practitioner — Top 100 Must-Know key Points (CLF-C02)

136 – 210: Compute, Storage, Database, Analytics, AI

136. EC2 Instance Families – General (t), Compute (c), Memory (r/x), Storage (i), GPU (g/p).
137. EC2 Instance Types Naming – Example: m5.large → m = family, 5 = generation, large = size.
138. Spot Fleet – Group of spot instances for cost optimization.
139. Placement Groups – Cluster, Partition, Spread (HPC & big workloads).
140. Amazon Fargate – Serverless containers; no EC2 management.
141. ECS (Elastic Container Service) – Container orchestration (AWS-native, cheaper).
142. EKS (Elastic Kubernetes Service) – Managed Kubernetes (heavy workloads).
143. ECS Anywhere – Run ECS on on-prem or hybrid.
144. Firecracker MicroVM – Technology behind Lambda & Fargate.
145. Lambda Layers – Share common code/resources across Lambda functions.
146. Lambda Provisioned Concurrency – Zero cold start.
147. Lambda Execution Role – Permissions function needs to access AWS resources.
148. Lambda Function Timeout – Max 15 minutes.
149. AWS Batch Compute Environments – Automate batch workloads on EC2/Spot/Fargate.
150. Amazon Lightsail Containers – Simple container hosting.
151. Spot Blocks – Spot instances with guaranteed run time.
152. AMI (Amazon Machine Image) – Blueprint for EC2 instances.
153. Elastic GPU – Attach GPU to EC2.
154. EC2 Hibernate – Preserves RAM to EBS.
155. ENI (Elastic Network Interface) – Multiple IPs, network cards.
156. EC2 Instance Metadata v2 – IMDSv2 more secure (mandatory in exam).
157. Instance Store – Temporary storage, data lost on stop/terminate.
158. Capacity Reservations – Guarantee EC2 capacity for a period.
159. EC2 Dedicated Host – Physical server fully dedicated to you.
160. EC2 Dedicated Instance – Runs on hardware not shared with other accounts.
161. S3 Access Points – Custom access paths for apps.
162. S3 Inventory – Report of objects & metadata.
163. S3 Object ACLs – Legacy permissions (discouraged, but exam asks).
164. S3 Block Public Access – Account-level public block.
165. S3 Bucket Policy – JSON resource-based permission.
166. S3 CORS – Cross-domain access configuration.
167. S3 Select – Query a subset of S3 object.
168. S3 Multi-Part Upload – Recommended for >100MB objects.
169. S3 Transfer Acceleration – Speeds uploads using CloudFront edge locations.
170. S3 Intelligent-Tiering – Automatically moves objects for cost saving.
171. S3 Requester Pays – Requester pays for download.
172. EFS Throughput Modes – Bursting, Provisioned.
173. EFS Storage Classes – Standard, Infrequent Access (IA).
174. EBS Volume Types – gp3, io2, sc1, st1.
175. EBS Multi-Attach – Attach to multiple EC2 at the same time.
176. EBS Snapshots Archive – Cheaper archival storage.
177. EBS Fast Snapshot Restore – High-performance restore.
178. AWS Storage Gateway Types – File, Volume, Tape.
179. AWS Snowball Edge Compute – Includes GPU, compute power.
180. AWS DataSync – Automated large-scale data transfer.
181. AWS Transfer Family – Managed SFTP/FTP/FTPS.
182. AWS Backup Policies – Backup plans, vaults, schedules.
183. Glacier Retrieval Classes – Expedited, Standard, Bulk.
184. S3 Lifecycle Policies – Automate class transitions + deletion.
185. AWS EFS One-Zone – Cheaper but less durable.
186. RDS Multi-AZ Failover – Automatic standby failover.
187. RDS Read Replicas – Read scaling.
188. RDS Automated Backups – Point-in-time recovery.
189. Aurora Global Database – Lag < 1 second between regions.
190. DynamoDB Global Tables – Multi-region active-active.
191. DynamoDB TTL – Automatic expiry of items.
192. DynamoDB Streams – Change data capture for Lambda.
193. DynamoDB Accelerator (DAX) – In-memory cache for Dynamo.
194. ElastiCache Redis – Sub-millisecond caching.
195. OpenSearch Dashboards – Visualization tool (Kibana alternative).
196. Athena Federated Query – Query other sources beyond S3.
197. Glue Crawlers – Scan data & generate schema.
198. Glue Jobs – ETL pipelines.
199. Kinesis Analytics – Real-time SQL analytics on streaming data.
200. Kinesis Shards – Unit of capacity for streams.
201. Redshift Concurrency Scaling – Handles spike workloads.
202. Redshift RA3 Nodes – Managed storage.
203. EMR Serverless – No cluster management.
204. EMR Notebooks – Data exploration with Jupyter.
205. SageMaker Ground Truth – Labeling tool for ML data.
206. SageMaker Studio – IDE for ML model lifecycle.
207. Transcribe – Speech-to-text.
208. Translate – Language translation.
209. Comprehend – NLP sentiment analysis.
210. Forecast – Time-series forecasting using ML.

🔥 SET-9 (25 Points) – Developer Tools, DevOps, Monitoring, Cost, Support

211. CloudFormation Drift Detection – Checks differences between stack & deployed resources.
212. CloudFormation Change Sets – Preview changes before applying.
213. CDK (Cloud Development Kit) – Define infra using Python/TS/Java.
214. Elastic Beanstalk Health Monitoring – Green / Yellow / Red indicators.
215. AWS SAM CLI – Test Lambda / APIs locally.
216. CodeStar – Unified DevOps project setup.
217. CodeArtifact – Package dependency management (npm / pypi / maven).
218. CodeGuru Reviewer – AI code review.
219. CodeGuru Profiler – Detects performance bottlenecks.
220. CloudWatch Events – Deprecated → EventBridge.
221. CloudWatch Logs Insights – Query logs using SQL-like syntax.
222. CloudWatch Metrics Resolution – Standard: 1 min | High-resolution: 1–30 sec.
223. CloudWatch Embedded Metric Format – Send custom metrics.
224. CloudTrail Insights – Detect unusual API activity.
225. AWS Health API – Programmatic health alerts.
226. AWS Service Quotas – Manage & request service limit increases.
227. Cost Categories – Group cost data logically.
228. Reservation Utilization Report – See how RIs are used.
229. Savings Plans Utilization – Commitment utilization tracking.
230. AWS Marketplace Metering – Pay-as-you-go software usage.
231. AWS Concierge Support – Enterprise-only cost help.
232. TAM (Technical Account Manager) – Enterprise support engineer.
233. AWS Abuse Team – Report spam / misuse.
234. AWS Penetration Testing Rules – Allow list for pentesting EC2.
235. Well-Architected Tool – Checks workloads against AWS 5 pillars.

AWS Cloud Practitioner — Top 76 Must-Know Points (CLF-C02)

236 – 260: Edge, Networking & Hybrid

236. Edge Locations Count – CloudFront POPs worldwide (exam sometimes asks conceptually).
237. Regional Edge Caches – Bigger caches between origin and POP.
238. AWS Local Zones – Compute closer to users in metro cities.
239. Wavelength Zones – For 5G ultra-low latency edge compute.
240. AWS Outposts Rack – Smaller on-prem AWS hardware.
241. AWS Outposts Server – Even smaller, fits in standard IT rack.
242. AWS Egress Fees – Cost for data leaving AWS.
243. Public vs Elastic IP – Elastic IP → fixed, account-owned.
244. ENA (Elastic Network Adapter) – High-performance networking for EC2.
245. Global Accelerator vs CloudFront – GA → TCP/UDP app acceleration | CF → content delivery & caching.
246. VPC Flow Logs – Capture network traffic metadata.
247. VPC Reachability Analyzer – Find connectivity issues.
248. IPv6 in VPC – Dual-stack possible.
249. AWS Shield Standard – Free DDoS protection.
250. AWS Route 53 Health Checks – Monitor endpoints & failover.
251. Route 53 Routing Policies – Simple, Weighted, Latency, Geolocation, Failover, Multi-value.
252. AWS IoT Fleet Hub – Monitor IoT devices fleet-wide.
253. AWS IoT Device Defender – Security audits for IoT devices.
254. AWS IoT Device Management – Scale registration + remote actions.
255. AWS RoboMaker – Robotics simulation & deployment.
256. Direct Connect Gateway – Connect DC to multiple VPCs across regions.
257. Transit Gateway Multicast – Support multicast traffic.
258. Cloud WAN – Global wide-area networking managed by AWS.
259. PrivateLink – Private access to services via interface endpoints.
260. Hybrid DNS with Route 53 Resolver – On-prem ↔ AWS DNS integration.

🔥 SET-11 (25 Points) – Data, AI, Application Integration, Messaging

261. Kinesis Enhanced Fan-Out – 1 MB/s per shard throughput for consumers.
262. Kinesis Extended Retention – Store streams up to 1 year.
263. Kinesis Shard Splitting – Increase capacity.
264. Kinesis Shard Merging – Reduce capacity.
265. SQS Delay Queue – Delay messages up to 15 min.
266. SQS Long Polling – Reduces empty responses → lowers cost.
267. SQS FIFO Throughput – Per-message ordering guaranteed.
268. SNS Mobile Push – Push to APNS / FCM.
269. SNS SMS Types – Promotional vs Transactional.
270. EventBridge Pipes – Point-to-point event flow.
271. EventBridge Schedule – Cron-based serverless jobs.
272. Step Functions Express Workflow – High-throughput rapid workflows.
273. Glue DataBrew – Visual data preparation without coding.
274. Glue Elastic Views – Unified view of multiple data stores.
275. Lake Formation – Data lake permission control.
276. Redshift Spectrum Pricing – Pay only per scanned TB.
277. Redshift Materialized Views – Precomputed data for performance.
278. OpenSearch UltraWarm Storage – Warm storage tier.
279. OpenSearch Domain – Cluster of search nodes.
280. Forecast Use-Cases – Retail sales, cloud capacity, traffic prediction.
281. Personalize – Recommendation engine.
282. Lookout for Metrics – Detect anomalies using ML.
283. Lookout for Equipment – Predict equipment failures.
284. Textract Queries – Search for specific fields in documents.
285. Rekognition Custom Labels – Train custom image models.
286. Transcribe Call Analytics – Contact-center call analysis.
287. Polly Neural TTS – More natural speech.
288. Amazon Lex V2 – Chatbot building (NLP + intent slots).
289. Amazon Bedrock – Foundation models for GenAI (conceptual).
290. AWS HealthLake – Healthcare data processing (HIPAA-ready).